USA County Choropleth Maps in Python
How to create colormaped representations of USA counties by FIPS values in Python.
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Deprecation warning¶
This page describes a legacy "figure factory" method for creating map-like figures using self-filled scatter traces. This is no longer the recommended way to make county-level choropleth maps, instead we recommend using a GeoJSON-based approach to making outline choropleth maps or the alternative tile-based choropleth maps.
Required Packages¶
plotly_geo, geopandas, pyshp and shapely must be installed for this figure factory to run.
Run the following commands to install the correct versions of the following modules:
!pip install plotly-geo==1.0.0
!pip install geopandas==0.8.1
!pip install pyshp==2.1.2
!pip install shapely==1.7.1
If you are using Windows, follow this post to properly install geopandas and dependencies: http://geoffboeing.com/2014/09/using-geopandas-windows/. If you are using Anaconda, do not use PIP to install the packages above. Instead use conda to install them:
FIPS and Values¶
Every US state and county has an assigned ID regulated by the US Federal Government under the term FIPS (Federal Information Processing Standards) codes. There are state codes and county codes: the 2016 state and county FIPS codes can be found at the US Census Website.
Combine a state FIPS code (eg. 06 for California) with a county FIPS code of the state (eg. 059 for Orange county) and this new state-county FIPS code (06059) uniquely refers to the specified state and county.
ff.create_choropleth only needs a list of FIPS codes and a list of values. Each FIPS code points to one county and each corresponding value in values determines the color of the county.
Simple Example¶
A simple example of this is a choropleth a few counties in California:
import plotly.figure_factory as ff
fips = ['06021', '06023', '06027',
'06029', '06033', '06059',
'06047', '06049', '06051',
'06055', '06061']
values = range(len(fips))
fig = ff.create_choropleth(fips=fips, values=values)
fig.layout.template = None
fig.show()
Change the Scope¶
Even if your FIPS values belong to a single state, the scope defaults to the entire United States as displayed in the example above. Changing the scope of the choropleth shifts the zoom and position of the USA map. You can define the scope with a list of state names and the zoom will automatically adjust to include the state outlines of the selected states.
By default scope is set to ['USA'] which the API treats as identical to passing a list of all 50 state names:
['AK', 'AL', 'CA', ...]
State abbreviations (eg. CA) or the proper names (eg. California) as strings are accepted. If the state name is not recognized, the API will throw a Warning and indicate which FIPS values were ignored.
Another param used in the example below is binning_endpoints. If your values is a list of numbers, you can bin your values into half-open intervals on the real line.
import plotly.figure_factory as ff
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
df_sample = pd.read_csv('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/plotly/datasets/master/minoritymajority.csv')
df_sample_r = df_sample[df_sample['STNAME'] == 'California']
values = df_sample_r['TOT_POP'].tolist()
fips = df_sample_r['FIPS'].tolist()
colorscale = [
'rgb(193, 193, 193)',
'rgb(239,239,239)',
'rgb(195, 196, 222)',
'rgb(144,148,194)',
'rgb(101,104,168)',
'rgb(65, 53, 132)'
]
fig = ff.create_choropleth(
fips=fips, values=values, scope=['CA', 'AZ', 'Nevada', 'Oregon', ' Idaho'],
binning_endpoints=[14348, 63983, 134827, 426762, 2081313], colorscale=colorscale,
county_outline={'color': 'rgb(255,255,255)', 'width': 0.5}, round_legend_values=True,
legend=dict(
title=dict(
text='Population by County'
)
),
title=dict(
text='California and Nearby States'
)
)
fig.layout.template = None
fig.show()
Single State¶
import plotly.figure_factory as ff
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
df_sample = pd.read_csv('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/plotly/datasets/master/minoritymajority.csv')
df_sample_r = df_sample[df_sample['STNAME'] == 'Florida']
values = df_sample_r['TOT_POP'].tolist()
fips = df_sample_r['FIPS'].tolist()
endpts = list(np.mgrid[min(values):max(values):4j])
colorscale = ["#030512","#1d1d3b","#323268","#3d4b94","#3e6ab0",
"#4989bc","#60a7c7","#85c5d3","#b7e0e4","#eafcfd"]
fig = ff.create_choropleth(
fips=fips, values=values, scope=['Florida'], show_state_data=True,
colorscale=colorscale, binning_endpoints=endpts, round_legend_values=True,
plot_bgcolor='rgb(229,229,229)',
paper_bgcolor='rgb(229,229,229)',
legend_title='Population by County',
county_outline={'color': 'rgb(255,255,255)', 'width': 0.5},
exponent_format=True,
)
fig.layout.template = None
fig.show()
Multiple States¶
import plotly.figure_factory as ff
import pandas as pd
NE_states = ['Connecticut', 'Maine', 'Massachusetts', 'New Hampshire', 'Rhode Island', 'Vermont']
df_sample = pd.read_csv('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/plotly/datasets/master/minoritymajority.csv')
df_sample_r = df_sample[df_sample['STNAME'].isin(NE_states)]
values = df_sample_r['TOT_POP'].tolist()
fips = df_sample_r['FIPS'].tolist()
colorscale = [
'rgb(68.0, 1.0, 84.0)',
'rgb(66.0, 64.0, 134.0)',
'rgb(38.0, 130.0, 142.0)',
'rgb(63.0, 188.0, 115.0)',
'rgb(216.0, 226.0, 25.0)'
]
fig = ff.create_choropleth(
fips=fips, values=values,
scope=NE_states, county_outline={'color': 'rgb(255,255,255)', 'width': 0.5},
legend_title='Population per county'
)
fig.update_layout(
legend_x = 0,
annotations = {'x': -0.12, 'xanchor': 'left'}
)
fig.layout.template = None
fig.show()
Simplify County, State Lines¶
Below is a choropleth that uses several other parameters. For a full list of all available params call help(ff.create_choropleth)
simplify_countydetermines the simplification factor for the counties. The larger the number, the fewer vertices and edges each polygon has. See http://toblerity.org/shapely/manual.html#object.simplify for more information.simplify_statesimplifies the state outline polygon. See the documentation for more information. Default for bothsimplify_countyandsimplify_stateis 0.02
Note: This choropleth uses a divergent categorical colorscale. See http://react-colorscales.getforge.io/ for other cool colorscales.
import plotly.figure_factory as ff
import pandas as pd
scope = ['Oregon']
df_sample = pd.read_csv(
'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/plotly/datasets/master/minoritymajority.csv'
)
df_sample_r = df_sample[df_sample['STNAME'].isin(scope)]
values = df_sample_r['TOT_POP'].tolist()
fips = df_sample_r['FIPS'].tolist()
colorscale = ["#8dd3c7", "#ffffb3", "#bebada", "#fb8072",
"#80b1d3", "#fdb462", "#b3de69", "#fccde5",
"#d9d9d9", "#bc80bd", "#ccebc5", "#ffed6f",
"#8dd3c7", "#ffffb3", "#bebada", "#fb8072",
"#80b1d3", "#fdb462", "#b3de69", "#fccde5",
"#d9d9d9", "#bc80bd", "#ccebc5", "#ffed6f",
"#8dd3c7", "#ffffb3", "#bebada", "#fb8072",
"#80b1d3", "#fdb462", "#b3de69", "#fccde5",
"#d9d9d9", "#bc80bd", "#ccebc5", "#ffed6f"]
fig = ff.create_choropleth(
fips=fips, values=values, scope=scope,
colorscale=colorscale, round_legend_values=True,
simplify_county=0, simplify_state=0,
county_outline={'color': 'rgb(15, 15, 55)', 'width': 0.5},
state_outline={'width': 1},
legend_title='pop. per county',
title='Oregon'
)
fig.layout.template = None
fig.show()
The Entire USA¶
import plotly.figure_factory as ff
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
df_sample = pd.read_csv('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/plotly/datasets/master/laucnty16.csv')
df_sample['State FIPS Code'] = df_sample['State FIPS Code'].apply(lambda x: str(x).zfill(2))
df_sample['County FIPS Code'] = df_sample['County FIPS Code'].apply(lambda x: str(x).zfill(3))
df_sample['FIPS'] = df_sample['State FIPS Code'] + df_sample['County FIPS Code']
colorscale = ["#f7fbff","#ebf3fb","#deebf7","#d2e3f3","#c6dbef","#b3d2e9","#9ecae1",
"#85bcdb","#6baed6","#57a0ce","#4292c6","#3082be","#2171b5","#1361a9",
"#08519c","#0b4083","#08306b"]
endpts = list(np.linspace(1, 12, len(colorscale) - 1))
fips = df_sample['FIPS'].tolist()
values = df_sample['Unemployment Rate (%)'].tolist()
fig = ff.create_choropleth(
fips=fips, values=values,
binning_endpoints=endpts,
colorscale=colorscale,
show_state_data=False,
show_hover=True, centroid_marker={'opacity': 0},
asp=2.9, title='USA by Unemployment %',
legend_title='% unemployed'
)
fig.layout.template = None
fig.show()
Also see tile county choropleths made in Python: https://plotly.com/python/tile-county-choropleth/
Reference¶
For more info on ff.create_choropleth(), see the full function reference
What About Dash?¶
Dash is an open-source framework for building analytical applications, with no Javascript required, and it is tightly integrated with the Plotly graphing library.
Learn about how to install Dash at https://dash.plot.ly/installation.
Everywhere in this page that you see fig.show(), you can display the same figure in a Dash application by passing it to the figure argument of the Graph component from the built-in dash_core_components package like this:
import plotly.graph_objects as go # or plotly.express as px
fig = go.Figure() # or any Plotly Express function e.g. px.bar(...)
# fig.add_trace( ... )
# fig.update_layout( ... )
from dash import Dash, dcc, html
app = Dash()
app.layout = html.Div([
dcc.Graph(figure=fig)
])
app.run(debug=True, use_reloader=False) # Turn off reloader if inside Jupyter
