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Subplots in R

How to make subplots in with Plotly's R graphing library. Examples of stacked, custom-sized, gridded, and annotated subplots.


New to Plotly?

Plotly is a free and open-source graphing library for R. We recommend you read our Getting Started guide for the latest installation or upgrade instructions, then move on to our Plotly Fundamentals tutorials or dive straight in to some Basic Charts tutorials.

Subplots with Plotly

Plotly’s R graphing library makes it easy to create interactive, publication-quality graphs.

Plotly also has subplot capabilities. This page documents the usage of the lower-level subplot module.

Simple Subplot

Figures with subplots are created using the subplot function.

Here is an example of creating a figure that includes two scatter traces which are side-by-side since there are 2 columns and 1 row in the subplot layout.

library(plotly)

fig1 <- plot_ly(x = c(1,2,3), y = c(4,5,6), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers', 
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3))) %>%
  layout(plot_bgcolor='#e5ecf6', 
         xaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'), 
         yaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'))


fig2 <- plot_ly(x = c(20,30,40), y = c(50,60,70), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers',
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3))) %>%
  layout(plot_bgcolor='#e5ecf6', 
         xaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'), 
         yaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'))

fig <- subplot(fig1, fig2) %>% 
  layout(title = 'Side By Side Subplots')
fig

Stacked Subplots

Here is an example of creating a figure with subplots that are stacked on top of each other since there are 3 rows and 1 column in the subplot layout.

library(plotly) 
fig1 <- plot_ly(x = c(3, 4, 5), y = c(1000, 1100, 1200), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers') 
fig2 <- plot_ly(x = c(2, 3, 4), y = c(100, 110, 120), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers') 
fig3 <- plot_ly(x = c(0, 1, 2), y = c(10, 11, 12), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers') 
fig <- subplot(fig1, fig2, fig3, nrows = 3) %>% 
  layout(title = list(text = "Stacked Subplots"),
         plot_bgcolor='#e5ecf6', 
         xaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'), 
         yaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff')) 
fig

Multiple Subplots

Here is an example of creating a 2 x 2 subplot grid and populating each subplot with scatter trace.

library(plotly)

fig1 <- plot_ly(x = c(1,2,3), y = c(4,5,6), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers', 
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))


fig2 <- plot_ly(x = c(20,30,40), y = c(50,60,70), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers',
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))


fig3 <- plot_ly(x = c(300,400,500), y = c(600,700,800), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers',
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))


fig4 <- plot_ly(x = c(4000,5000,6000), y = c(7000,8000,9000), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers', 
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))

fig <- subplot(fig1, fig2, fig3, fig4, nrows = 2) %>%
  layout(plot_bgcolor='#e5ecf6', 
         xaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'), 
         yaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'))
fig

Multiple Subplots with Titles

The annotations argument can be used to position text annotations as titles for each subplot.

Here is an example of adding subplot titles to a 2 x 2 subplot grid of scatter traces.

library(plotly)

fig1 <- plot_ly(x = c(1,2,3), y = c(4,5,6), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers', 
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))


fig2 <- plot_ly(x = c(20,30,40), y = c(50,60,70), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers',
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))


fig3 <- plot_ly(x = c(300,400,500), y = c(600,700,800), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers',
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))


fig4 <- plot_ly(x = c(4000,5000,6000), y = c(7000,8000,9000), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers', 
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))

fig <- subplot(fig1, fig2, fig3, fig4, nrows = 2)%>% 
  layout(title = 'Multiple Subplots with Titles',
         plot_bgcolor='#e5ecf6', 
         xaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'), 
         yaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'))

annotations = list( 
  list( 
    x = 0.2,  
    y = 1.0,  
    text = "Plot 1",  
    xref = "paper",  
    yref = "paper",  
    xanchor = "center",  
    yanchor = "bottom",  
    showarrow = FALSE 
  ),  
  list( 
    x = 0.8,  
    y = 1,  
    text = "Plot 2",  
    xref = "paper",  
    yref = "paper",  
    xanchor = "center",  
    yanchor = "bottom",  
    showarrow = FALSE 
  ),  
  list( 
    x = 0.2,  
    y = 0.45,  
    text = "Plot 3",  
    xref = "paper",  
    yref = "paper",  
    xanchor = "center",  
    yanchor = "bottom",  
    showarrow = FALSE 
  ),
  list( 
    x = 0.8,  
    y = 0.45,  
    text = "Plot 4",  
    xref = "paper",  
    yref = "paper",  
    xanchor = "center",  
    yanchor = "bottom",  
    showarrow = FALSE 
  ))

fig <- fig %>%layout(annotations = annotations) 
#options(warn = -1)
fig

Subplots with Annotations

library(plotly) 
fig1 <- plot_ly(x = c(1, 2, 3), y = c(4, 5, 6), type = 'scatter', mode = 'markers+text' 
                ,text = list("Text D", "Text E", "Text F"), textposition = "bottom center" 
                ,texttemplate = "%{text}") 

fig2 <- plot_ly(x = c(20, 30, 40), y = c(50, 60, 70), type = 'scatter', mode = 'markers+text' 
                ,text = list("Text D", "Text E", "Text F"), textposition = "bottom center" 
                ,texttemplate = "%{text}") 

fig <- subplot(fig1, fig2)%>% 
  layout(title = list(text = "Subplots with Annotations"),
         plot_bgcolor='#e5ecf6', 
         xaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'), 
         yaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff')) 
fig

Customize Subplot Column Widths and Row Heights

The widths argument can be used to customize the relative widths of the columns in a subplot grid. It should be set in a list of numbers so that they sum to 1, and used to compute the relative widths of the subplot grid columns. The heights argument serves the same purpose for controlling the relative heights of rows in the subplot grid.

Here is an example of creating a figure with two scatter traces in side-by-side subplots. The left subplot is set to be wider than the right one.

library(plotly)

fig1 <- plot_ly(x = c(1,2,3), y = c(4,5,6), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers', 
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))


fig2 <- plot_ly(x = c(20,30,40), y = c(50,60,70), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers',
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))

fig <- subplot(fig1, fig2, widths = c(0.7, 0.3)) %>%
               layout(plot_bgcolor='#e5ecf6', 
         xaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'), 
         yaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'))
fig

Subplots in Dash

Dash for R is an open-source framework for building analytical applications, with no Javascript required, and it is tightly integrated with the Plotly graphing library.

Learn about how to install Dash for R at https://dashr.plot.ly/installation.

Everywhere in this page that you see fig, you can display the same figure in a Dash for R application by passing it to the figure argument.

library(dash)
library(dashCoreComponents)
library(dashHtmlComponents)
library(plotly)

app <- Dash$new()

app$layout(
  htmlDiv(
    list(
      dccGraph(id = 'graph-with-slider'),
      htmlLabel('Subplots Width:'),
      dccSlider(
        id='slider',
        min = 0,
        max = 1,
        value = 0.5, 
        step=0.01
      )

    )
  )
)
app$callback(
  output(id = 'graph-with-slider', property='figure'),
  params=list(input(id='slider', property='value')),
  function(value) {
    fig1 <- plot_ly(x = c(1,2,3), y = c(4,5,6), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+marker', 
                    marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))


    fig2 <- plot_ly(x = c(20,30,40), y = c(50,60,70), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+marker',
                    marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))

    fig <- subplot(fig1, fig2, widths = c(value, 1 - value))
    return(fig)
  })

After executing this code, give app$run_server() in the console to start the dash.

Customizing Subplot Axes

After a figure with subplots is created using the subplot function, its axis properties (title, font, range, grid style, etc.) can be customized using the xaxis and yaxis graph object figure methods. By default, these methods apply to all of the x axes or y axes in the figure. The row and col arguments can be used to control which axes are targeted by the update.

Here is an example that creates a figure with a 2 x 2 subplot grid, populates each subplot with a scatter trace, and then updates the x and y axis titles for each subplot individually.

library(plotly)

#Initialize figures 
fig1 <- plot_ly(x = c(1,2,3), y = c(4,5,6), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers', 
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))%>%
  layout(xaxis = list(title = 'xaxis1 title'), yaxis = list(title = 'yaxis1 title'))

fig2 <- plot_ly(x = c(20,30,40), y = c(50,60,70), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers',
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))%>%
  layout(xaxis = list(title = 'xaxis2 title', range = c(10,50)), yaxis = list(title = 'yaxis2 title', range = c(40,80)))


fig3 <- plot_ly(x = c(300,400,500), y = c(600,700,800), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers', 
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))%>%
  layout(xaxis = list(title = 'xaxis3 title', showgrid = FALSE), yaxis = list(title = 'yaxis3 title', showgrid = FALSE))


fig4 <- plot_ly(x = c(4000,5000,6000), y = c(7000,8000,9000), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers', 
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))%>%
  layout(xaxis = list(title = 'xaxis4 title', type = 'log'), yaxis = list(title = 'yaxis4 title'))

#creating subplot
fig <- subplot(fig1, fig2, fig3, fig4, nrows = 2, titleY = TRUE, titleX = TRUE, margin = 0.1 )
fig <- fig %>%layout(title = 'Customizing Subplot Axes',
                     plot_bgcolor='#e5ecf6', 
         xaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'), 
         yaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'))

# Update title
annotations = list( 
  list( 
    x = 0.2,  
    y = 1.0,  
    text = "Plot 1",  
    xref = "paper",  
    yref = "paper",  
    xanchor = "center",  
    yanchor = "bottom",  
    showarrow = FALSE 
  ),  
  list( 
    x = 0.8,  
    y = 1,  
    text = "Plot 2",  
    xref = "paper",  
    yref = "paper",  
    xanchor = "center",  
    yanchor = "bottom",  
    showarrow = FALSE 
  ),  
  list( 
    x = 0.2,  
    y = 0.4,  
    text = "Plot 3",  
    xref = "paper",  
    yref = "paper",  
    xanchor = "center",  
    yanchor = "bottom",  
    showarrow = FALSE 
  ),
  list( 
    x = 0.8,  
    y = 0.4,  
    text = "Plot 4",  
    xref = "paper",  
    yref = "paper",  
    xanchor = "center",  
    yanchor = "bottom",  
    showarrow = FALSE 
  ))

fig <- fig %>%layout(annotations = annotations) 
fig

Subplots with Shared X-Axes

The shareX_x argument can be used to link the x axes of subplots in the resulting figure. The margin argument is used to control the vertical spacing between rows in the subplot grid.

Here is an example that creates a figure with 3 vertically stacked subplots with linked x axes. A small margin value is used to reduce the spacing between subplot rows.

library(plotly) 
fig1 <- plot_ly(x = c(3, 4, 5), y = c(1000, 1100, 1200), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers') 
fig2 <- plot_ly(x = c(2, 3, 4), y = c(100, 110, 120), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers') 
fig3 <- plot_ly(x = c(0, 1, 2), y = c(10, 11, 12), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers') 
fig <- subplot(fig1, fig2, fig3, nrows = 3, shareX = TRUE) %>% 
  layout(title = list(text = "Stacked Subplots with Shared X-Axes"),
         plot_bgcolor='#e5ecf6', 
         xaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'), 
         yaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff')) 
fig

Subplots with Shared Y-Axes

The shareY argument can be used to link the y axes of subplots in the resulting figure.

Here is an example that creates a figure with a 2 x 2 subplot grid, where the y axes of each row are linked.

library(plotly) 
fig1 <- plot_ly(x = c(1, 2, 3), y = c(2, 3, 4), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers') 
fig2 <- plot_ly(x = c(20, 30, 40), y = c(5, 5, 5), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers') 
fig3 <- plot_ly(x = c(2, 3, 4), y = c(600, 700, 800), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers') 
fig4 <- plot_ly(x = c(4000, 5000, 6000), y = c(7000, 8000, 9000), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers') 
fig <- subplot(fig1, fig2, fig3, fig4, nrows = 2, shareY = TRUE) %>% 
  layout(title = list(text = "Multiple Subplots with Shared Y-Axes"),
         plot_bgcolor='#e5ecf6', 
         xaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'), 
         yaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff')) 
fig

Subplots with Shared Colorscale

To share colorscale information in multiple subplots, you can use coloraxis.

library(plotly)

fig1 <- plot_ly(x = c(1,2,3), y = c(4,5,6), type = 'bar', 
                marker = list(color = c(4,5,6), coloraxis="coloraxis"))

fig2 <- plot_ly(x = c(1,2,3), y = c(2,3,5), type = 'bar', 
                marker = list(color = c(2,3,5), coloraxis="coloraxis"))

fig <- subplot(fig1, fig2, shareY = TRUE)
fig <- fig %>%layout(showlegend = FALSE, coloraxis=list(colorscale='RdBu'),
                     plot_bgcolor='#e5ecf6', 
         xaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'), 
         yaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'))
fig

Custom Sized Subplot with Subplot Titles

The heights and weights argument in subplot function is used to custom size the individual plots in the subplot.

Here is an example that creates a 2 by 2 subplot grid containing 3 subplots. 

library(plotly) 
fig1 <- plot_ly(x = c(1, 2), y = c(1, 2), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers') 
fig2 <- plot_ly(x = c(1, 2), y = c(1, 2), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers') 
fig3 <- plot_ly(x = c(1, 2, 3), y = c(2, 1, 2), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers')%>%  
  layout(annotations = list( 
    list(x = 0.52 , y = 1.05, text = "Third Subplot", showarrow = F, xref='paper', yref='paper')) 
  ) 

s1 <- subplot(fig1, fig2)%>%  
  layout(annotations = list( 
    list(x = 0.15 , y = 1.2, text = "First Subplot", showarrow = F, xref='paper', yref='paper'), 
    list(x = 0.85 , y = 1.2, text = "Second Subplot", showarrow = F, xref='paper', yref='paper')) 
  ) 
fig <- subplot(s1, fig3, nrows = 2, margin = 0.07) %>%  
  layout(title = "Specs with Subplot Title", 
         plot_bgcolor='#e5ecf6', 
         xaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'), 
         yaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'),
         showlegend=FALSE,showlegend2=FALSE, 
         margin = 0.01) 

fig

Multiple Custom Sized Subplots

Here is an example that uses the heights and weights subplot options to create a custom subplot layout with subplots of mixed sizes. 

library(plotly)

fig1 <- plot_ly(x = c(1,2), y = c(1,2), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers', name = '(1,1)',
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))

fig2 <- plot_ly(x = c(1,2), y = c(1,2), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers', name = '(2,1)',
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))

fig3 <- plot_ly(x = c(1,2), y = c(1,2), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers', name = '(1,2)',
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))

fig4 <- plot_ly(x = c(1,2), y = c(1,2), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers', name = '(3,1)',
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))

fig5 <- plot_ly(x = c(1,2), y = c(1,2), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers', name = '(5,1)',
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))

fig6 <- plot_ly(x = c(1,2), y = c(1,2), type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines+markers', name = '(5,2)',
                marker = list(line = list(width = 3)))

s1 <- subplot(fig1, fig2, nrows = 2)
s2 <- subplot(s1, fig3)
s3 <- subplot(s2, fig4, nrows = 2)
s4 <- subplot(fig5, fig6)
s5 <- subplot(s3, s4, nrows = 2, heights = c(0.8,0.2)) %>%
  layout(plot_bgcolor='#e5ecf6', 
         xaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'), 
         yaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'))
s5

Subplots Types

By default, the subplots function assumes that the traces that will be added to all subplots are 2-dimensional cartesian traces (e.g. scatter, bar, histogram, violin, etc.).

  • trace type: A trace type name (e.g. "bar", "contour", "density", "scatter", etc.) which will be used to determine the appropriate subplot type for that trace.

Here is an example that creates and populates a 2 x 2 subplot grid containing 4 different subplot types.

library(plotly) 

fig1 <- plot_ly(y = c(2, 3, 1), type = 'bar') 

data <- read.csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/plotly/datasets/master/school_earnings.csv") 
fig2 <- plot_ly(data, x = ~Women, y = ~Men, text = ~School, type = 'scatter', mode = 'markers', color = ~Gap, colors = 'Reds', 
                marker = list(size = ~Gap, opacity = 0.5))%>%  
  layout(xaxis = list(showgrid = FALSE), 
         yaxis = list(showgrid = FALSE)) 
fig2 <- hide_colorbar(fig2) 

fig3<- plot_ly(z = ~volcano, type = "contour") 
fig3 <- hide_colorbar(fig3) 

density <- density(diamonds$carat) 
fig4 <- plot_ly(x = ~density$x, y = ~density$y, type = 'scatter', mode = 'lines', fill = 'tozeroy') 
fig4 <- fig4 %>% layout(xaxis = list(title = 'Carat'), 
                      yaxis = list(title = 'Density'), showlegend=FALSE) 

fig <- subplot(fig1, fig2, fig3, fig4, nrows = 2, margin = 0.05) %>%
  layout(plot_bgcolor='#e5ecf6', 
         xaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'), 
         yaxis = list( 
           zerolinecolor = '#ffff', 
           zerolinewidth = 2, 
           gridcolor = 'ffff'))

fig

Reference

All of the axis properties are found here: https://plotly.com/r/axes/#

tools:::Rd2ex(utils:::.getHelpFile(as.character(help(subplot))))

## ### Name: subplot
## ### Title: View multiple plots in a single view
## ### Aliases: subplot
## 
## ### ** Examples
## 
## ## Don't show: 
## if (interactive() || !identical(.Platform$OS.type, "windows")) (if (getRversion() >= "3.4") withAutoprint else force)({ # examplesIf
## ## End(Don't show)
## 
## # pass any number of plotly objects to subplot()
## p1 <- plot_ly(economics, x = ~date, y = ~uempmed)
## p2 <- plot_ly(economics, x = ~date, y = ~unemploy)
## subplot(p1, p2, p1, p2, nrows = 2, margin = 0.05)
## 
## #'  # anchor multiple traces on the same legend entry
##  p1 <- add_lines(p1, color = I("black"), name = "1st", legendgroup = "1st")
##  p2 <- add_lines(p2, color = I("red"), name = "2nd", legendgroup = "2nd")
##  
##  subplot(
##    p1, style(p1, showlegend = FALSE),
##    p2, style(p2, showlegend = FALSE),
##    nrows = 2, margin = 0.05
##  )
## 
## # or pass a list
## economics_long %>%
##   split(.$variable) %>%
##   lapply(function(d) plot_ly(d, x = ~date, y = ~value)) %>%
##   subplot(nrows = NROW(.), shareX = TRUE)
##   
## # or pass a tibble with a list-column of plotly objects
## economics_long %>%
##   group_by(variable) %>%
##   do(p = plot_ly(., x = ~date, y = ~value)) %>%
##   subplot(nrows = NROW(.), shareX = TRUE)
##   
## # learn more at https://plotly.com/r/subplots/
## ## Don't show: 
## }) # examplesIf
## ## End(Don't show)

What About Dash?

Dash for R is an open-source framework for building analytical applications, with no Javascript required, and it is tightly integrated with the Plotly graphing library.

Learn about how to install Dash for R at https://dashr.plot.ly/installation.

Everywhere in this page that you see fig, you can display the same figure in a Dash for R application by passing it to the figure argument of the Graph component from the built-in dashCoreComponents package like this:

library(plotly)

fig <- plot_ly() 
# fig <- fig %>% add_trace( ... )
# fig <- fig %>% layout( ... ) 

library(dash)
library(dashCoreComponents)
library(dashHtmlComponents)

app <- Dash$new()
app$layout(
    htmlDiv(
        list(
            dccGraph(figure=fig) 
        )
     )
)

app$run_server(debug=TRUE, dev_tools_hot_reload=FALSE)